Liquid Cooling Technology: An Efficient New Cooling Solution for Coping with the Surge in Computing Power


 

Concepts like 'AIGC in the field of artificial intelligence,' 'ChatGPT,' 'data special zones,' 'Eastern data and Western computing,' and 'data centers' are some of the hottest topics right now. Behind the surge in computing power, processor power consumption is increasing. To maximize processor performance, higher cooling efficiency is necessary.

 

With the explosive growth of computing power, we see an increase in power density and energy consumption in data centers. Traditional air cooling can no longer meet the growing cooling demands, highlighting the importance of liquid cooling technology. The high power density of AI servers makes 'liquid cooling' a cost-effective and efficient temperature control method.

 

Liquid cooling technology refers to the use of liquid instead of air as a coolant to exchange heat with heat-generating components and dissipate that heat. It involves directly introducing a liquid cooling system into the server for heat dissipation or submerging the server in cooling liquid. Heat is transferred through the liquid-cooled host and then released into the air via outdoor cooling towers.

 

Liquid Cooling vs. Traditional Air Cooling:

1. Traditional servers with low power density use air cooling.

2. At a density of 10 kW/rack, the costs of air cooling and liquid cooling are comparable.

3. When density reaches 40 kW/cabinet, the investment cost for liquid cooling per watt of temperature reduction is $1 less than for air cooling.

4. AI clusters generally reach a power density of 50 kW/cabinet, making liquid cooling an inevitable mainstream solution in the future.

 

From an overall cooling architecture perspective, it has become the simplest, most straightforward, and most extreme solution. Generally, the industry divides liquid cooling into direct and indirect cooling. Currently, direct cooling is primarily based on immersion cooling technology, which can be further divided into phase change and non-phase change types. Indirect cooling mainly focuses on cold plate liquid cooling technology, aimed at achieving standardization and generalization for application in high-density data center environments, while immersion cooling is mainly concentrated in ultra-high-density data center scenarios.

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